Inkscape Changelog

What's new in Inkscape 1.3.2

Dec 2, 2023
  • Inkscape 1.3.2 is an important bugfix release, which fixes a data loss bug in the recently released Inkscape 1.3.1, along with another, smaller issue. We recommend that you update Inkscape from 1.3.1 as soon as possible. If using Windows, please first uninstall the older version.
  • Stars, polygons, spirals, 3D boxes are now saved correctly (MR #6090)
  • The data that was lost when saving these shapes with Inkscape 1.3.1 in an Inkscape SVG file can be recovered in Inkscape 1.3.2 (or any older version, too) if you manually make an edit to the affected shapes. Here's how you can do this quickly for any file:
  • You can check your files for missing elements by looking at them with a different program, e.g. a web browser. The elements are still visible within Inkscape, but not in any other programs. This way, you will know whether you actually need to fix anything.
  • To fix all missing shapes at once, you can select all elements in all layers (Ctrl + Alt + A, need to unlock them first), and move them right and back left again with a press on the arrow keys.
  • Symbols and patterns containing these shapes need to be turned into normal objects to allow Inkscape to add back the missing data.
  • Unfortunately any files you have saved as plain or optimized SVG will never be recoverable, as the shape metadata is irretrievably lost for those file types.
  • When using the new 'Text to glyphs' function, lines no longer end with @ signs, when there's a linebreak (MR #6094, Bug #4675).
  • Traditional Chinese translation updated (MR #6105)
  • Windows installer banner layout fixed (MR #6097)

New in Inkscape 1.3.1 (Nov 21, 2023)

  • The most important fixes and changes in this release are:
  • more than 30 crash/freeze fixes, many of which affected PDF import and Live Path Effects
  • a new feature to disable snapping to grid lines, while still snapping to grid intersections
  • a new feature to split text into its letters (characters), while keeping the kerning (letter distances) intact
  • the Shape Builder tool now creates an appropriate number of nodes
  • activating a layer in the Layers dialog no longer requires you to double-click to enter the layer on the canvas to be able to work in it
  • no more auto-expanding layers in the Layers dialog and improved behavior on deleting and moving layers
  • right-clicking now applies the change to the selected object, not whatever group it is in
  • the Page tool's size field no longer refuses to be edited
  • improved handle visibility with dark desk colors
  • multiple improvements for converting text objects to a path
  • PDF files that could not be opened with Inkscape 1.3 can now be opened / imported again
  • the English terms for Live Path Effects can now be searched for even if you use Inkscape in another language, so you can better follow tutorials
  • on macOS and many current Linux distributions, gradient dithering is now available
  • there exists a workaround that users can apply for the problem with the missing user interface fonts
  • 3 fixes for extension bugs
  • 16 improved user interface translations
  • some small updates for the included tutorials and the man page
  • and almost 40 more bug fixes

New in Inkscape 1.3 (Jul 25, 2023)

  • Inkscape 1.3 is the latest major Inkscape release that brings you many fresh new features and new functionality.
  • HIGHLIGHTS:
  • Shape builder
  • On-Canvas Pattern Editing
  • Pattern Editor
  • Page margin & bleed
  • Document Resources Dialog
  • Return of Search, opacity & blend modes in Layers & Objects dialog and the (now optional) persistent snap bar
  • Font Collections
  • Syntax highlighting in XML Editor
  • LPE dialog user interface redesign
  • Improved performance thanks to fully asynchronous, multithreaded rendering
  • Better PDF import

New in Inkscape 1.2.2 (Dec 6, 2022)

  • RELEASE HIGHLIGHTS:
  • Inkscape 1.2.2 is a maintenance and bugfix release, which brings you 4 crash fixes, over 25 bug fixes, 5 fixes for extension bugs and 13 improved user interface translations. Notably, the OpenClipart import is now available to everyone, regardless of the selected packaging format or operating system, spellchecking finally works on macOS, performance is improved (in exchange for dithering disabled by default), extensions that modify colors can now also modify colors in patterns again, and for our maker community, we fixed some issues with the measure tool, the DXF14 export and with hairline strokes.
  • CRASH FIXES:
  • Inkscape no longer freezes the whole desktop when rotating objects with snapping activated under certain conditions (Bug Inbox#7534, Bug Inbox#7838, MR #4877).
  • Converting an object with a stroke set as 'unset' / 'none', but with markers on the non-existing stroke, no longer leads to a crash (Bug #3879, MR #4815).
  • BUG FIXES:
  • General:
  • Symbols that contain a clipping path or mask no longer cause the Symbols dialog to create a high processor load (Bug #3607, MR #4567).
  • The keyboard shortcut that is meant to scale the selection by 1 screen pixel now does so again (Bug #3799, MR#4818).
  • Raster images that are opened with Inkscape now end up in the page area even when the document origin is set to the bottom left corner (MR #4866, Bug #3939).
  • Dithering (for smooth gradients) is now disabled by default (even if it was enabled before you update to 1.2.2), because it was causing a loss of performance while drawing (MR #4816).
  • DIALOGS:
  • The 'Export' and 'Align and distribute' dialogs are no longer confused about what area to export / what type of item to align (MR #4800, Bug #3847, Bug #2732, Bug #3591).
  • In the same dialog, tooltips now reliably show up when hovering over any of the buttons (Bug #3585, MR #4571).
  • Clarified wording of an option shown when importing SVG files (MR #4525).
  • IMPORT/EXPORT:
  • OpenClipart import option is now available on Windows and in the AppImage, and the potentially missing Python library BeautifulSoup is now a recommended package for Debian packaging (Bug #3674, MR #4858)
  • Several issues in the DXF14 export have been fixed: ##Documents with non-uniform scale are exported correctly (Bug extensions#388, Bug extensions#498, MR extensions#510).
  • When importing a DXF file created by Inkscape into Fusion 360, the warning message about missing units is gone now (given the SVG document uses "real-world" units such as mm or in).
  • A leftover debug message was removed (Bug extensions#494, MR extensions#510).
  • The TIFF export now supports transparency (Bug extensions#478, MR extensions#485).
  • DPI attribute is preserved for JPG and TIFF raster export (Bug extensions#484, MR extensions#485).
  • PNG files now use the correct file permissions on Linux (previously, exported files were only accessible to the user who created them, which caused problems when doing web development) (Bug #2574, MR #4874)
  • STYLES:
  • Saving markers that are compatible to SVG 1.1 now works for both marker direction and marker color at once (MR #4828, Bug #3913).
  • Objects with hairline strokes no longer lose that style when grouping or pasting (MR #4821, Bug #3643).
  • Filtered objects whose filters make use of the 'Morphology' filter are no longer cut off (Bug #3821, MR #4895).
  • TOOLS:
  • The Measure tool now indicates correct positions and sizes for shapes (stars, spirals, rectangles) (Bug #1367, Bug inbox#7732, MR #4678).Additionally, the default unit now corresponds to the display unit when using the tool for the first time.
  • LINUX-SPECIFIC FIXES:
  • Inkscape no longer fails to run on Artix (Bug #7526, MR #4744).
  • Inkscape can now be built on systems using Poppler 22.09.0 (MR #4719).
  • Extensions that open another instance of Inkscape (e.g. PDFLaTeX) no longer fail when using an AppImage version of Inkscape (MR#4751, Bug Inbox#7607, Bug#2422).
  • Note about snap packages:
  • It is no longer possible to install the Inkscape snap with the --classic option. If you need functionality that is unavailable in the standard snap package (being able to add custom filter packs, custom extensions communicating with other programs on the system / requiring system-wide dependencies, …), please choose a different packaging format.
  • WINDOWS-SPECIFIC FIXES:
  • Extensions Manager and Clipart import work again on Windows. This fix was already available in 1.2.1, if you downloaded it after July 19 (Bug #3695, MR #4653).
  • ##The Text tool no longer crashes when selecting some specific fonts that have been installed multiple times in different file formats (Bug #7354, MR #4658).
  • ##Inkscape 1.2.2 can now be built for Windows on Arm (MR#4693).
  • macOS-SPECIFIC FIXES:
  • Undo / Redo are available in the menu again (Bug #3511, MR #4715).
  • Editing CSS in the CSS and Selectors dialog no longer leads to a crash (Bug #7500, MR #4749).
  • The spellchecker is finally available on macOS (MR#4860).
  • COMMAND LINE:
  • Trailing or duplicate semicolons no longer cause an action list command to fail (Bug #3480, MR #4714).
  • Improvements for development / deployment:
  • Automated Windows builds work again (MR #4744, MR #4884, Bug#3859).
  • Windows builds succeed again in CLANG64 environments (MR #4153).
  • macOS arm64 builds are now generated automatically for testing (MR#4860).
  • EXTENSION BUG FIXES:
  • Bugfixes in particular extensions:
  • Color extensions can work on patterns again (Bug extensions#483, MR extensions#483).
  • The extension Render > Barcode > QR Code can now create QR codes with sharp edges (as opposed to slightly rounded edges as previously) even when using the extension from inside Inkscape (as opposed to from the command line) (Bug extensions#491, MR extensions#494).
  • The Hershey Text extension now warns about manual kerning instead of crashing (Bug extensions#456, MR extensions#489).
  • Saving a self-made font as SVG font using Extensions > Typography > 3 - Convert Glyph Layers to SVG Font now works again when one of the characters is the apostrophe (single quote) character (Bug extensions#487, MR extensions#487).
  • Improvements that apply to allextensions:
  • If a malformed SVG document is fed into an extension, the user is warned about it instead of causing an extension crash (Bug extensions#465, MR extensions#496)
  • TRANSLATIONS:
  • The following UI translations received updates:
  • Korean (MR #4777)
  • Brazilian Portuguese (MR#4600)
  • Croatian (MR #4903)
  • Czech (MR #4918)
  • French (MR #4917)
  • German (MR#4901)
  • Hungarian (MR #4909)
  • Italian (MR #4916)
  • Romanian (MR #4922)
  • Simplified Chinese (MR #4721)
  • Slovenian (MR #4739, MR #4806)
  • Spanish (MR #4703, MR #4908)
  • Ukrainian (MR #4910)
  • Contributing to interface translations:
  • Want to help with translations? Learn how to help!
  • Contributing to documentation and documentation translation
  • Contributions to the documentation translations, as well as improvements to its contents, are welcome at the inkscape-docs repository.
  • Known issues:
  • These issues could not be fixed in time for the 1.2.2 release:
  • ##Crash when using the "Import image from the internet" function while having the Export dialog open in some rare conditions (Bug Inbox#7840).
  • ##Inkscape does not work well with a mouse on macOS Ventura. Do not update to macOS Ventura if you rely on Inkscape! This issue affects all GTK3 based apps on macOS Ventura. (GTK is used by many different programs, and builds those programs' user interfaces for you to interact with.)

New in Inkscape 1.2.1 (Jul 17, 2022)

  • We've just resolved some critical issues in Inkscape 1.2 that were identified by our community. If you're currently using Inkscape 1.2 then this is an important update to install on your device.
  • It provides a fix for a number of critical bugs in the 1.2 release:
  • drawing data about filters, markers, gradients and more now saves to file after performing a simple sequence of copy-paste-undo with the Export dialog open;
  • startup is smoother when many fonts are installed, and
  • rasterized (filtered) objects now show up on any page of a multipage document exported to PDF.
  • This release brings back the built-in ability to open PostScript/Encapsulated PostScript (.ps / .eps) files with Inkscape on macOS. Improvements were also made to user interface translations and documentation translations.
  • Linux users using the snap packaging format will once again be able to import and export images. Windows users will now see the correct Inkscape version image on install, while users of macOS 10.13-10.15 will be able to open extensions without them crashing.
  • We wish to thank Inkscape users and contributors for their support in identifying and flagging these critical issues for us through sending bug reports for our volunteer developers to examine and solve. This collaboration is vital for us to ensure that Inkscape releases are working properly.
  • Should you experience an issue while using Inkscape, please consider sending us a bug report. We've put together a step-by-step video to help you post it on Gitlab.
  • If you'd like to contribute to the project, consider joining our project's global community! You'll find the list of ways to connect with us here.
  • For more detailed information on what was fixed in version 1.2.1, you can read the release notes.
  • Built with the power of a team of mostly volunteers, this open source vector graphics editor represents the work of many hearts and hands from around the world, ensuring that Inkscape remains available free for everyone to download and enjoy.

New in Inkscape 1.2.0 (May 18, 2022)

  • RELEASE HIGHLIGHTS:
  • Inkscape documents can now hold multiple pages , which are managed by the new Page tool
  • Editable markers and dash patterns
  • Layers and objects dialog merged
  • On-canvas alignment snapping and Snap settings redesign
  • New 'Tiling' Live Path Effect
  • Redesigned Export dialog with preview and ability to select objects/layers/pages and even multiple file formats to export to
  • Import SVG images from Open Clipart, Wikimedia Commons and other online sources
  • Selectable object origin for numerical scaling and moving
  • All alignment options in a single dialog
  • Gradient editing in the Fill and Stroke dialog
  • Gradient dithering
  • SVG Font Editor updated
  • Flowing text around shapes and text padding
  • Convenience Boolean operation for splitting paths
  • Configurable Tool bar , continuous icon scaling and many more new customization options
  • Performance gains for many parts of the interface and many different functions
  • Lots of improvements to the user interface
  • Numerous crash & bug fixes in the main Inkscape program and in in the stock extensions
  • and so much more!

New in Inkscape 1.1.2 (Feb 9, 2022)

  • BUG FIXES:
  • General:
  • Fixed Windows test builds, so testers can again try out intermediate versions (MR #3762
  • Fixed building Inkscape with GCC 12 / C++17 (MR #3683)
  • Fixed building Inkscape with Poppler 21.11.0, e.g. on Slackware Linux (MR #3636, Bug #2906)
  • Toolbar fields now use the units the user selected as display units (in Document preferences) again (MR #3716, Bug #1747)
  • Mouse cursors for tools are now completely visible, no matter how transparent the currently selected color is (MR #3640, Bug #2025)
  • Graphic tablet pens that have a built-in eraser tip now again automatically switch to the correct tool (MR 3636, Bug #2866)
  • On macOS, the system menu now uses the correct language and menu decorations look better on systems with non-English locales (MR #3531)
  • When clicking on the color indicator in the bottom left corner, the Fill and Stroke dialog will now open again (Bug #2621, MR #3754)
  • Multiple untranslatable strings are now translatable (MR #3918, Bug #2492, Bug #2279, Bug #809)
  • When automatically converting text to path on the commandline for export, differently formatted text parts no longer lose their styling (MR #3918, Bug #2602)
  • Clones/symbols/glyphs are now positioned correctly relative to each other when pasting them into a new document (MR #3922, Bug #387)
  • Copy-pasting an object with a Live Path Effect repeatedly into a new document now pastes the current object, not an outdated one (MR #3922, Bug #1743)
  • Linking an additional path to the Measure Path LPE as a projection target works again (MR #3922, Bug #3035)
  • Saving files with markers as SVG1.1 results in valid markers again (MR #3942, Bug #2785)
  • Dialogs:
  • Filter editor: The standard deviation for Gaussian blur can now be 0, if there is no blur (MR #3650, Bug #2724)
  • Themes:
  • win32 theme now contains expand/collapse arrows for expandable lists (MR #3636, Bug #2876)
  • win32 theme offers improved contrast when hovering over text (MR #3550)
  • win32 theme context menu border looks better now (MR #3550)
  • win32 theme offers improved contrast when hovering over text (MR #3550)
  • TOOLS:
  • Text tool:
  • Font dropdown now updates when changing font for the same text multiple times through the dropdown menu (MR #3731, Bug #2056)
  • Line spacing works again with current Pango versions (e.g. 1.49) as used on Fedora Linux (MR #3717, Bug #2864)
  • Line spacing now always stays the same when only changing the line height units (MR #3640, Bug #2465)
  • Unicode mode now accepts numbers entered with numpad keys (a bug with a long beard, reported in 2014! MR #3716, Launchpad Bug #1394559
  • Copied style no longer includes the shape of a flowed text and some other text positioning data, which caused all kinds of strange behavior (MR #3899, Bug #2807)
  • Crash fixes:
  • Fixed a crash when …:
  • … grouping / ungrouping / importing / pasting a 3D box or after doing so and editing it (MR #3731, Bug #2833)
  • … trying to add the "Measure segments" Live Path Effect to a path with empty / one-node subpaths (MR #3636, Bug #2725)
  • … running inkscape --actions=action-list on the command line if Inkscape has been built with DBUS support (MR #3636, Bug #2813)
  • … exporting to a raster image file with a file name that contains non-ASCII characters (MR #3784, Bug #2548)
  • … importing an SVG file that contains a 3D box (MR #3592, Bug #2881)
  • … pressing Backspace while using the Bézier tool (MR #3715, Bug #2764)
  • … selecting Other locations in the Open/Save/Import dialog, with the preview active (MR #3786, Bug #2549)
  • … dragging a guide line off the canvas to delete it (MR #3899, Bug #3084)
  • … starting Inkscape with the Icon Preview panel open on Wayland (Bug #3047, MR #3937)
  • … copying nodes if there is a Bend LPE in the clipboard (MR #3942)
  • … (freeze) when changing the document's license while the Selectors and CSS dialog is open (MR #3939, Bug #2700)
  • EXTENSION BUG FIXES:
  • Crash fixes:
  • A crash in the 'Seamless Pattern' extension has been fixed (MR extensions#367)
  • A crash in the 'Win32 Vector Print' extension has been fixed (MR extensions#393, Bug extensions#249)
  • A crash in extensions that try to access the user's current selection with files containing comments (MR extensions#372, Bug extensions#369)
  • Very large documents with deeply nested groups no longer cause extensions to fail when trying to look up a root element (Bug extensions#429, MR extensions#376, Commit extensions#be7e96)
  • Very large documents no longer cause extensions to freeze while it's searching for free object ids (MR extensions#348, Bug extensions#378)
  • The Hershey Text extension no longer fails if a text has the style attribute line-height:normal; (MR extensions#302, Bug #361)
  • The GCodetools Plasma extension now generates GCode again (MR extensions#388, Bug extensions#276)
  • Exporting as HTML5 Canvas no longer fails when the drawing contains a text put on a path (but the text is ignored) (MR extensions#318, Bug extensions#292)
  • Bugfixes in particular extensions:
  • The Symbols option for 'Barcode' works now (MR extensions#395, Bug extensions#150)
  • The space character in the 'Braille' text extension now has the correct width (Bug extensions#410)
  • The Voronoi extension now properly respects the page boundaries (MR extensions#382, Bug extensions#403)
  • Cell sizes and stroke width in the Voronoi extension allow entering larger values now (MR extensions#356)
  • Mockups created with the Interactive Mockup extension work correctly with current browsers again (MR extensions#405)
  • The Web Slicer extension now exports images again (Bug extensions#267, MR extensions#406)
  • When importing a DXF file, polylines are now included (MR extensions#338)
  • Help texts for paper thickness in the Perfect bound cover bookcover making extension were improved (MR extensions#304, Bug extensions#265)
  • The Scatter extension now places objects at the correct positions again (MR extensions#323, MR extensions#323)
  • The tangential (along path direction) offset for scattered objects is now defined in % of pattern object length (MR extensions#323)
  • Help texts in 'Scatter' and 'Pattern along Path' extensions simplified (MR extensions#378)
  • Formulas rendered by LaTeX (pdflatex) now more reliably give the correct result (MR extensions#349)
  • The JessyInk keybindings dialog now better fits on the screen (MR extensions#340, Bug extensions#261, MR extensions#380)
  • Improvements that apply to all extensions:
  • The file chooser in extensions can no longer accidentally choose a directory instead of a file (MR #3716, Bug #2822)
  • Compact float notation (such as 1.2 .3 ) in paths is now supported for all extensions (MR extensions#385)
  • Extensions that call external programs no longer mangle texts with special characters on systems that do not use UTF-8 encoding (MR extensions#363)
  • Improvements for development / deployment:
  • Developer documentation improvements (Commit extensions#636109)
  • Installation metadata updates (MR extensions#369)
  • Fixes for the automatical testing on GitLab (MR #369)
  • Extension test suite improvements for many of the fixed bugs

New in Inkscape 1.1.0 (May 25, 2021)

  • A Welcome dialog, where the look of Inkscape can be selected, and some choices for the new document's size or file to open are available
  • A Command palette that opens when the ? key is pressed and that allows to search and use many functions without having to use a keyboard shortcut or going through the menus
  • It is now possible to copy, cut and paste parts of paths with the Node tool
  • The dialog docking system has been rewritten, which resolves many issues with Inkscape's docked dialogs and allows you to dock dialogs on either side of the screen
  • New Outline Overlay mode that displays object outlines while also showing their real colors
  • Preferences options are now easier to find by using the new search field
  • It is no longer necessary to remember to click on 'Export' in the PNG Export dialog, as the exporting will already happen after the click on 'Save' in the file selection dialog.
  • Export as JPG, TIFF, optimized PNG and WebP directly from Inkscape
  • When pasting a copied object, Inkscape now pastes it directly on top of the currently selected object by default
  • An extension for updating extensions and installing additional extensions, called the Extension Manager (currently in beta stage)

New in Inkscape 1.0 Beta (Sep 27, 2019)

  • Theming support
  • Origin in top left corner
  • Canvas rotation and mirroring
  • On-Canvas alignment of objects
  • Better HiDPI screen support
  • Controlling the width of PowerStroke with pressure sensitive graphics tablet
  • Fillet/chamfer LPE and (non-destructive) Boolean Operation LPE
  • New PNG export options
  • Centerline tracing
  • New Live Path Effect selection dialog
  • Faster Path operations and deselection of large number of paths
  • Variable fonts support
  • Complete extensions overhaul
  • Command line syntax changes
  • Native support for macOS with a signed and notarized .dmg file

New in Inkscape 0.92.4 (Jan 17, 2019)

  • Align multiple objects as a group relative to a single object
  • Write image data to standard output and read from it
  • Experience extensions working faster within complex documents
  • See improved speed when deselecting a path with many nodes
  • Ungroup text elements won’t result in changed font size of children
  • Able to print and / or print correct paper size with printers (especially Canon, EPSON, Konica Minolta)
  • See improved performance of the measure tool when grids are visible
  • See proper opacity of partially transparent embedded bitmap images in PDF export
  • Able to Shift/Ctrl-click on control handles of shapes without crashing
  • Build Inkscape with up-to-date poppler library 0.72.0 – useful for Mac users building with Homebrew

New in Inkscape 0.92.3 (Mar 24, 2018)

  • Among the most reported bugs addressed were:
  • Blank pages being output when attempting to print multiple copies of a document
  • The inability to cancel during the export of large files
  • Application crashes caused by attempting to drag a path at a cap or line join
  • Some issues with keyboard shortcut functionality on non-Latin keyboard layouts
  • A few performance improvements and usability enhancements that made it into the release, include:
  • New SVG export options from the command line
  • Support for right-to-left text
  • Improved ellipse controls
  • Multi-line text support for the PDF+LaTeX export
  • New render tile preferences for performance tuning
  • Better startup performance for many Windows users

New in Inkscape 0.92.2 (Aug 9, 2017)

  • Better importing and exporting of EMF/WMF files, PDF/PDF+Latex documents, Visio Stencil files, and XML files
  • Greater stability during printing on Windows
  • Improved fill and stroke HSL color selection
  • Greater stability when reverting and saving files
  • Among noteworthy feature and usability improvements are:
  • An additional handle at the center of rectangles, circles/ellipses, and stars, to allow quick and accurate alignment of these shapes with other objects
  • A command line option for updating the file's DPI value that allows for easier processing of large file collections
  • Improvements to user-defined shortcuts, including the acceptance of previously restricted special characters

New in Inkscape 0.48.1 (Mar 7, 2011)

  • Regression fixes:
  • Many small regressions in the node tool were fixed. Here are some examples:
  • Shift will turn off snapping in the node tool.
  • Duplication of nodes in the node tool using Shift+D works again.
  • Changing all selected segments into straight lines in the node tool using Shift+L works again.
  • Changing the type of nodes to cusp will retract their handles only if all selected nodes are already cusp. This improves usability when working with selections that contain both cusp and smooth nodes.
  • Important bugfixes:
  • Exporting of masks has been substantially improved in all Cairo-based output formats.
  • Several crash bugs in the node tool have been fixed.
  • Rulers are redrawn properly with recent versions of GTK.
  • Unlinking an orphaned clone no longer causes a crash.
  • Problems with extensions sometimes not working at all on Mac OS X have been fixed.
  • Inkscape should no longer crash due to missing icons at startup or when opening the document properties dialog.
  • Shift-clicking on the top rounding handle of a rectangle will no longer cause a crash.
  • Inkscape builds correctly with recent versions of Poppler.
  • Known issues:
  • Stamping in the node tool does not work.
  • Closing an unchanged document that contains connectors might ask to save, as if the document was modified. Pressing Ctrl+Z before closing will avoid bringing up the dialog.